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Telepathy is a phenomenon under the broad Umbrella term of Extrasensory Perception(ESP) as defined in Parapsychology.

Clairvoyance, clairaudience,  are similar to the phenomenon of Telepathy.

Telepathy is communication of a message from one mind to another without any medium. For example, you get a call from a friend the moment you think of him; Though you were out of touch with him since long. This is beyond your learned knowledge and intellect.

Research cannot establish the occurrence of  Telepathy; but science has confirmed that you are made up of frequencies, vibrations, and molecules. Your frequency can be transmitted to another person provided you have shared a physical space at some point in your life.

It is not possible to measure, control or observe an event like Telepathy and hence the limitation in Research.

These could be some of the possible explanations of Telepathy:

• You have Neurons in your brain, called Mirror neurons which act as mirrors;  hence you would have noticed some people can read other people’s mind better. Research has shown that you can even understand the emotions and intentions of the other person automatically. If you have higher levels of oxytocin, the chances are that you would be better at understanding and reading these social cues.

• Research in this area has also demonstrated that you might be more Telepathic than your friend. A brain-imaging study done on a Telepathic person’s brain showed more activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus(Area of the brain).
• The more dopamine you have in your brain, the greater are the chances of unfounded beliefs ( this is not an indicator of any pathology). Studies have indicated a genetic difference in dopamine transmission of Telepathic people.

Although, we do not have any substantial research in this area, It is interesting enough to explore and know more about Telepathy.

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Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) happens because of a neurobiological dysfunction. The symptoms of ASD start showing up when the child is about two to three years of age. The symptoms include, loss of social interaction and communication, repetitive and restricted behaviour, has an unusual tone for voice, failing to respond and many more.

A child who is suffering from ASD starts getting irritated a lot and throws a lot of tantrum. Most of the times, parents misjudge this behaviour as behavioural problems and hence not truly able to understand the child. Hence, as a parent, it is necessary to understand the child and what they are actually feeling. To know this a parent should understand about ASD. Hence, below are the Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Signs & Symptoms:

As mentioned earlier, the child who is suffering from ASD usually shows two main symptoms, one loss of social interactions and second repetitive behaviour.

Loss of Social Interaction:

• Making very less eye contact or no eye contact
• Is not able to listen to people. Thus, not able to concentrate on what others are speaking.
• Rarely is able to show the enjoyment they are experiencing while showing something they like.
• Unable to respond to or slow response when someone is calling them.
• Is not able to comprehend sentences while going back and forth.
• Continuously keeps on talking about the same thing, even when the other person has lost interest.
• Incompatible facial expressions, gestures or movements with what they are saying.
• There is a robotic tone or unusual tone when they are speaking.
• Is not able to understand other person’s view and is unable to predict or understand others actions.

Repetitive Behaviour:

• They tend to repeat certain behaviours or phrases over and over again.
• They have a very lasting interest in certain topics which include facts, numbers or details.
• Also, they focus on certain things too much. That is, overly focused on certain objects or things.
• They love their routines. A slight change in their routine upsets them.
• They are more or less sensitive to certain inputs compared to normal people. This may include, light, touch, temperature etc.

These signs may not be present in everyone suffering from ASD, but most of them do. Also, Autism is detected not only in children but also it can be diagnosed in an adult. Those who are suffering from Autism might also have sleep problems along with irritability.

But, a child suffering from autism among these challenges has strengths also.

Strengths are:

• They are able to learn things in details and also remember that information for a very long time.
• They are very strong visual and auditory learners.
• Also, they show excellence in arts, maths, science or music.

The Scientists are still figuring out why this actually happens to a child. It may be because of genes or very low birth weight. But, it is still uncertain why exactly this happens. Hence, it is better not to ponder over that question, instead, a parent should help and support their child.

An early diagnosis is a preferred way. Hence, an early diagnosis will lead to an early treatment. Thus, if your child or someone you know is suffering from this, or you think they are suffering from ASD then please visit a child psychologist or a psychiatrist for help.

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Stuttering is a  childhood-onset disorder of speech in which the person repeats sounds, words, syllables, takes time to utter a sound and has an interrupted speech known as ‘block’.The person is aware of what he has to say but has trouble producing the normal speech flow.

The speech distortions are often accompanied with problem behaviors like lip tremors or rapid eye blinking. Stuttering makes your communication difficult with others and can affect your quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Stuttering often becomes worse when speaking to a group, talking on the phone and might reduce while reading, singing or speaking alone.

Speech production process

When you speak, there is a series of precisely coordinated muscle movement which involves voice production, breathing, movement of throat, tongue, palate, and lips. The entire process is controlled by the brain.

Although stuttering can affect you at any age due to Trauma, head injury, severe stress; It is most common in children from 2 to 6 years of age when human beings enter the language producing age. Almost, all children stutter at some period which could last from a few weeks to years. Some People continue to stutter even after their childhood and throughout life.

Is stuttering Psychological?

Earlier Stuttering was believed to be only a Psychological phenomenon but recent research shows that it is more often a Developmental disorder than a psychogenic problem. Brain images show a difference in the brain of a stuttering and a non-stuttering one. Developmental stuttering occurs when the child’s language abilities do not meet the child’s verbal demands.

Although,if you stutter you will eventually suffer from a lot of related Psychological problems like:

• Shame
• Anger
• Guilt
• Severe Embarrassment
• Confusion
• Panic and Anxiety
• Frustration
• Social phobia
• Social Isolation etc.

Therapy

Therapy could help young children prevent developmental stuttering and increase their speech fluency while maintaining positive attitudes. It could help adults by understanding, acceptance and overcome the psychological side-effects of stuttering. If you find your child stutter for 3-6 month s, take him to a health professional to be evaluated.

Do these for your child:

• Make sure you have a relaxed home environment in which your child can speak freely. Set aside some time for your child to talk one to one with you and make sure you hear when the child is excited and wants to share a lot.
• Pay attention to the meaning of what your child has to say and focus on the message rather than how he is saying it.
• Do not interrupt your child when he/she is speaking
• Speak in a relaxed and slow tone so that the child is not under the pressure of time
• Do not complete the child’s sentences and be patient in hearing him. Make him understand that a person can communicate effectively even if he stutters.

• Talk openly to your child about stuttering if he wants to and let him know that it is alright to have certain disruptions.

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